Teaching Macedonian to Korean students - on the basis of language and intercultural difference(2012)

Teaching Macedonian to Korean students

- on the basis of language and intercultural difference[1]

                                                                                                     

                                                                                                      Kim, Wonhoi (HUFS)

I. Introduction

The Macedonian literary language is spoken in the Republic of Macedonia, one of the six republics of former S.F.R. Yugoslavia. This standard language was created in the middle of the 20th century, at the end of the World War II. Hence, Macedonian literary language has become the youngest member of the family of Slavic literary languages. Ironically, the Macedonian territory where the first Slavic literary language had been founded in the 9^th century, the so-called Old Church Slavic language, was the last one to obtain a literary language in the modern sense of meaning. Historical circumstances did not allow an earlier codification of the Macedonian standard.

The Macedonian language has developed among the Slavs that settled to the south from other Slavic tribes. In spite of that, the Macedonian dialects still keep many features that connect the Macedonian area with the other Slavic languages – Bulgarian and Serbian. In addition, these contact zones have been, through history, areas of irradiation of various political and cultural influences which are reflected in the Macedonian language. The present-day distribution of Macedonian dialects confirms these relations. The southeastern Macedonian dialects, which cross the Macedonian-Bulgarian border, in many linguistic features realize a natural link to the southwest Bulgarian dialects. Dialectal type situated on the north of the Republic of Macedonia is, in fact, a part of the south-Serbian dialectal complex. On the other hand, far from these influences, in the central part of Macedonia (Prilep – Bitola – Veles) a typical Macedonian dialect has been formed.[2]

For Korean and Korean students, the Macedonian language and culture is still unfamiliar and new thing. Of course in Korea, many Slavic languages and cultures are taught. For example, we, in Korea, have Russian, Bulgarian, Czech, Polish and Serbo-croation language departments. But, we do not have separate Macedonian department in Korea. In the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, in some Slavic departments are taught Macedonian language as the subject for comparative studies.

The first contacts of Macedonian University with Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in Seoul, Republic of Korea, were established in 2001. Since then the first steps towards opening a Macedonian language course for their students have been made. The first textbooks and other necessary literature were sent; about ten students from the Republic of Korea have already participated in the International Seminar for Macedonian language, literature and culture in Ohrid as exchange students. Further steps are needed for regular Macedonian language teaching to start in Seoul at this university.

So, teaching Macedonian to Korean students is not well established and is some kind of new challenge. I will write and try to propose the good methods of teaching Macedonian to Korean students by following two ways. In the first chapter of main body will be studied following theme "Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by  linguistic feature basis".  In this chapter, the characteristics of Macedonian language will be surveyed. Also the efficient methods of teaching Macedonian to Korean students by dialectal and comparative Slavic languages will be discussed. As the comparative Slavic languages will be used Bulgarian and Serbian, locating next to Macedonia countries. In the second chapter of main body, will be studied "Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by intercultural communication points of view" on the basis of first research year's results.

II. Main body

II-1. Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by linguistic feature basis

            

Wide-range dialectological research in the Republic of Macedonia after World War II has confirmed the existence of many specific dialectal features, especially in western Macedonia where the so-called central Macedonian dialect (Skopje – Veles – Prilep – Bitola; Kičevo – Poreče) is situated. The prominent Macedonian dialectologist Bozidar Vidoeski has pointed at a spectrum of significant linguistic features in this Macedonian zone (Видоески 1984), such as:

- vowel a as a continuant of the old nasal vowel o (рака, пат);

- sequence ol as a continuant of the old vocal l (волна, долго, солза);

- a syllabic function of the consonant r (врф, врот, дрво);

- a five vowel system (i, e, u, o, a + r voc.);

- a wide spread of consonants к’ and g’, and pairs of consonants č : dž, ts : dz;

- a tendency to neutralize the palatal consonants correlative (клуч, недела);

- the 3^rd person plural ending -at in the present tense (викаат, носат);

- the 3^rd person plural ending -a in aorist and imperfect (дојдоа, викаа, носеа).

             Regarding the Macedonian position among southern Slavic dialects Pavle Ivić wrote about the bulk of the Macedonian territory which is separated from the neighboring languages and dialects. In this sense, main position belongs to the central Macedonian dialect (Ivić 1973: 27). These linguistic features are striking especially when this dialect is compared with those south Slavic dialects which have furnished the bases of Bulgarian and Serbian literary language. These differences are outstanding especially on the phonological plane:

Common Slavic	ь	ъ	ě	nas. e	nas. o	voc. l
East Bulgarian	e	6	’a / e	e	6	l6 / 6l
Central Macedonian	e	o	e	e	a	ol
Serbian (New Štokavian)	a	a	e//(i)je	e	u	u

Of course, in the contact zones of Macedonian, Bulgarian and Serbian, linguistic differences are smaller. The central Macedonian area is in contact with two Bulgarian dialects in the east (areas of Rodopi and Ćustendil), with one Macedonian dialect in the south (south Macedonian), and one Serbian dialect in the north (Svrljig-Lužnica dialect, see footnote 3). Towards the southern Macedonian dialect and towards the Bulgarian Ćustendil dialect there are no so strong dialectal borders, as those towards the Bulgarian Rodopian dialect and the Serbian dialect of Svrljig-Lužnica (Ivić 1973: 28):

Common Slavic	ь	ъ	ě	nas. е	nas. о	voc. l
Rodopi	’6	6	ae	’6	6	l6 / 6l
Ćustendil	e	a	e	e	a	l6 / 6l
South Macedonia	e	o	e	e	6	l
Svrljig-Lužnica	6	6	e	e	u	l6 / u

In a certain respect these differences are also smaller between Macedonian literary language (central dialectal base) and neighboring dialects, which is due to natural tendencies of literary languages to include some features from dialects which don’t belong to the area of dialectal base of the literary language. Macedonian literary language, for example, contains some linguistic features from the eastern Macedonian dialect (Конески 1981).

Macedonian geographic and linguistic position between two Slavic states, Bulgaria and Serbia, has caused in the past not only linguistic, but also political conflicts among the three sides. There is no consensus especially among Macedonians and Bulgarians, about a series of important linguistic questions regarding the Macedonian language. Even today, for example, Macedonian is viewed in Bulgaria as one of the Bulgarian dialects (Български диалектен атлас... 2001), while on the other hand Macedonian dialectologists view the dialect of Bulgarian Pirin as a dialect of the Macedonian language.[3] Although Macedonian is considered in Bulgaria as a ‘regional norm’ of Bulgarian, the Macedonian language and Macedonian publications are outlawed in Bulgaria today (Macedonian: www.lmp.ucla.edu...).[4] Taking part in this modern linguistic conflict there are also some foreign intellectuals, unfortunately sometimes not free of certain political inspirations - they usually act according to their personal attitude to the various nations of the Balkan, and lately especially to the last civil war in Yugoslavia. Although the majority of foreign linguists do recognize the Macedonian identity (e.g. Friedman 1985), some of them discuss the matter from a Bulgarian point of view (e.g. Carmichael 2000),[5] while there are also foreign authors who observe this matter from a Serbian point of view, such as A. Reiss (Рајс 1918; 1998 [1928]²), or T. Stojanović (Stojanović 1997).[6]

             On the wide area of southern Slavic languages there are two main branches of languages. The eastern branch consists of the Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, while the western branch comprises Serbo-Croat and Slovenian. There is a well-known linguistic border which divides these groups of languages, and this linguistic border, of course, does not follow the state borders.[7] But this, as well as other linguistics traits shows that the Central Macedonian zone does not belong entirely to the Eastern group of South Slavic languages, and that the linguistic border in its southern zone, between Macedonian and western part of South Slavic languages, is more flexible. That is why some linguistics also point at a gradual dialectal transition between Serbian and Macedonian, which includes a high degree of mutual intelligibility within these zones (Macedonian: www.lmp.ucla.edu...).[8] Blaže Koneski wrote that “the Macedonian dialects have been a part of  the continuum of Serbian and Bulgarian dialects for so long, that today it is not possible to draw distinct boundaries between them” (Koneski: www.mymacedonia.net/language/modern.htm). Therefore, there are no linguistic reasons to link Macedonian either with one side only, or to view Macedonian territory as part of Bulgarian dialectal complex. Even Antoine Meillet, the well known linguist comparativist, wrote that Macedonian and Bulgarian dialects have developed a great difference between them (Meje 1965: 40).

             1. Macedonian and Bulgarian

             In common with Bulgarian, Macedonian has the following linguistic features (de Bray, 1980:162-163).

1) Common Slavic initial /je/ becomes /e/: езеро: lake, е: is, еден / един: one.

2) The loss of the declensions.

3) The formation of comparative adjectives by prefixing по-:

     поубав / по-хубав: more beautiful.

4) The preservation in conversation of the Aorist and Imperfect tenses.

5) The loss of the Infinitive, replaced by finite verbs in the Present preceded by да.

6) The ending - ат for 3rd pl. pres. of all verbs:

     викаат (they call), носат (they carry), идат (they come).

7) The development of new compound tenses: ке викав, ке доjдел.

Above № 2, 3, and №5. are due to the changing process into the analytic language structure of these two languages. № 4 and 6 are due to the Old church Slavic language influences. But, unfortunately, in the brief comparison of two languages, there are no contents, related to the lexicons of these two languages.

             As it is well known, Macedonian and Bulgarian have the same mother tongue, Proto-Slavic, Common Slavic and Old Church Slavic Language. That’s why two languages have similar Slavic language features in their lexicons. On the other hand, in spite of this historical background, contemporary Macedonian and Bulgarian have many different linguistic features. This diversity comes from social linguistic factors and their language contacts with other Balkan languages. These features are outstanding also in their lexicons (Comparative and historical linguistic point of views).

             Historically first Macedonia was part of a larger Macedonia in the Ottoman Empire which ruled from 1371 to 1912 Macedonia. This part of Macedonia in 1913 was ceded to Serbia. After that in 1919, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia formed the kingdom (after that renamed Yugoslavia). When Yugoslavia was divided by the Axis powers in 1941 in the 2nd World War, Macedonian region of Yugoslavia was ceded to Bulgaria.

             After the liberation of Yugoslavia, Macedonia became a part of the country rallied in Yugoslavia in 1946 (as one of the six republics). After the heat of transformation of Eastern Europe in November 17, 1991, Macedonia became independent state from Yugoslavia. It means that more than 45 years, Macedonian language had concrete and narrow language contact with Yugoslavia, especially with Serbia. That is the other reason that Modern Macedonian and Bulgarian (partly Serbian) are selected as the target of a significant portion of this research (Socio-linguistic point of views).

             Through a comparative study of the basic data, I classify the Macedonian and Bulgarian language lexicon (words) as the following types. I especially analyze nouns, adjectives and partly adverbs for this research.

- AA type: Macedonian example is same with Bulgarian

- AA’ type: Macedonian example has same root with Bulgarian

- AB type: Macedonian example is different from Bulgarian

- ABC type: Macedonian example has 2 more different counter examples with Bulgarian or vice versa

             (1) AA type

             Here we have outstanding examples for type AA. They are mainly from Slavic roots and have the same historical backgrounds in these two languages.

             град                                             city

             глава                                           head

             работа                                         work

            In Macedonian, the metathesis of liquids takes place, as in other South Slavic languages, including Bulgarian, with the vowel /o/ becoming /a/ after the preceding l or r in all cases and with no further developments (above 3 examples). For example, in Russian (East Slavic language) they are город, голова, работа.

             бог                                              god

             скакулец                                    grasshopper

             петел                                          cock

             орел                                            eagle

             волк                                            wolf

             пес                                               dog

             нога                                            leg, foot

             месец                                          month

             кружок                                       circle

             ученик                         pupil

             месо                                            meat

             пет                                              five

             син                                              son

             ти                                                thou

             море                                            sea

             цвет                                            flower

             сок                                              juice

             планина                                     mountain

             клише                                                      clichet

             нужда                                         need

             старец                                         old man

             македонец, македонци             Macedonian

             германец, германци                  German

             белег, белези                              sign

             чудо, чудеса                               miracle

             небо, небеса                               heaven

             рамо, рамена                              shoulder

             The example митинг is the new borrowing word in both languages, but has same form in them. It is from Latin root and in English ‘meeting’.

             (2) AA' type

variations of /ѣ/

Macedonian	Bulgarian	Meaning
млеко	мляко	milk
брег	бряг	coast
место	място	place
кнез	княз	prince
волja	воля	will
илjaда	хиляда	thousand
зелje	зеле	greens

             The first 4 examples derived from the Old Church Slavonic ě(ѣ) and it's variations. The letter ě(cyrillic ѣ, called "ять" in Russian) probably represented a tense low front vowel (similar to that in English pat) in the dialects of the Bulgarian lands. The Original OCS forms are млѣко, брѣгъ, мѣсто, волѣти. For Bulgarian, they developed to /я/, for Macedonian, /е/. The evolution of the ě(ѣ) is too diverse to be a matter for Common Slavic, but it may be useful to table it's most common reflexes (měra, 'measure') in the seven major Slavic languages.

	CS/OCS	R	P	Cz	Sln	SC	M	Bg
ě(ѣ)	měra	мера	miara/ mierzyć	míra/ měřit	mera	mjera	мера	мяра меря

                                                                                (partly, Townsend & Janda, 1996: 98)

             Last three examples are concerning to the /ja/ and /я/ which represents the softness of proceeding consonant. The following example is not related to the above explained change. But, it shows that in Macedonia and Bulgarian, we can find the different adoption of the same vowel in the borrowing. It is the name of American fast food restaurant. The phonemic sequence /Mc/ is adopted by /е/ or /а/ in the two languages

(Мекдоналдс: McDonald: Макдоналдс).

Different vocalization process of Yers /ь, ъ/

Macedonian	Bulgarian	Meaning
бубрег	бъбрег	kindey
рака	ръка	hand
прст	пръст	finger
сон	сън	dream
оган	огън	fire
дрво	дърво	tree
метар	метър	metre
лага	лъга	lie
пат	път	road
тага	тъга	sorrow
Александар	Александър	Alexander
Днепар	Днепър	Dnieper
долг	дълъг	long
добар	добър	good
крвав	кръвав	bloody
храбар	храбър	brave
тажен	тъжен	sad

             Above examples are related to the vowel change(or alternation) between /a, o, y, #/ and /ъ/. The difference between Macedonian and Bulgarian words is from the different vocalization process of Yers. The semi vowels /ъ, ь/ in Bulgarian become ъ and е in the strong position. In contrast to this, semi vowels /ъ, ь/, respectively in Macedonian /o/, /e/ has become. de Bray(1980, 146) explained this phenomenon as a function of fill-vowel. But, from the historical view point, we can see that the differences between the two languages appear from the Yers, not only from functional aspects. So this is the phonetic, phonological differences.

            

             Also the meaning ‘wind’ has the double accepted form ветар, ветер in Macedonian and in Bulgarian вятър. It is interesting that the Serbo-croation forms are also метар, Днепар and Александар. Other similarity of Macedonian to Serbo-croation is the use of vocalic p (ŗ) in this position. We can see this in the following examples;

крт кърт kurt, крст кръстcross

Consonants shift between /x/, /v/ and #

Macedonian	Bulgarian	Meaning
орев, ореви	орех, орехи	walnut
кожув, кожуви	кожух, кожуси	sheepskin coat
мов	мох	moss
мува	муха	a fly

             In the case of /x/, it has mostly been replaced by /в/, pronounced [ф], in modern Macedonian word final, so that we have the change в>ф. The following example is the loss of /x/ as is frequent in East Serbo-croatian dialects. The Bulgarian form is хляб. The dropping of /x/ or its replacement by /в/ or /j/ is the most frequent and characteristic phenomenon in Macedonian. It is very interesting to see that the dropping of /x/ is occurred in the word initial position and its replacement by /в/ or /j/ is the word final position.

леб                    bread                             хляб

ajде                    Let's                  хайде

фалба                 praise                хвалба

итар                   crafty                хитър

             But we can also find anomalies. The examples below 3 show that Macedonian and Bulgarian forms are same without dropping of /х/. The phonemic positions of these /x/ are same with that of above examples with dropping /x/.

хаос, хаотичен (chaos, chaotic)

хектар (hectare)

хеликоптар (helikopter)

             Relating to this, in the following example, we can see even the consonant shift between /k/ and /x/. It is strange that the articulatory position of these /k/ and /x/ is different, even though that they are velar sounds. So there is possibility of articulatory confusion. But, we can not find the confusion between /г/ and /х/.

карактер(M.), характер(Bg) character

Vowel shift between /jy/, /ja/ and /ю/, /я/

jyнак                  hero                    (youth) юнак

jyг                      south                  юг

jyли                     July                    юли

биро                    office                бюро

jaболко  apple                  ябълка

             These examples relate to the soft vowels /ю/, /я/ in Bulgarian and its corresponding examples in Macedonian. In Macedonian there is no soft vowel, pronouncing like diphthong. So they use /j/ for the supporting phonemic unit.　But, we can see the exception as following. Bulgarian vowel /ю/ is corresponding to Macedonian /и/. According to the rule, it should be /ju/. мени menu меню

Consonants shift between /s/ and /з/

sвезда                 star                    звезда

sвонец                bell                    звънец

sвер                    wild animal       звяр

sвиждук             a whistle           звиждък

sид                     wall                   зид

             But, we can see the following exception. The phonemic order is same with above example, but, in the exception, we cannot find the shift between /s/ and /з/.

звук(sound)

             Even though, we can find the very various counter example of this sort in Macedonian language. They are as follows;

здрав(healthy), зелка(зеле, cabbage), затвор(prison), заштита(защита, defence), знак(sign),  зора(dawn),  знаме(flag),  зима(winter)

             The following example is more unusual. In the nominative form, the example is same word with /з/. But in the adjective form, the use of the lexicon between two languages is different.

зло                    (evil)

лошо                 ill                        зле

Different softness results

куќа                                house                къща

ноќ                                  night                 нощ

офте                                meat ball           кюфте

умур                                coal                   кюмюр

меа                                  boundary          межда

граанин, граани             citizen               гражданин

горешт               hot                     горещ

свештеник                      priest                 свещеник

             In Macedonian, is unvoiced midpalatal plosive. This consonant is from the phonemic interact between velar and soft vowel in the underlying base. This is related to the jotation and palatalization.

             Yotation or the influence of j on preceding consonants has a very limited field in Macedonian, as in Bulgarian. In Macedonian it is confined to the velars and dentals, and to the sibilants in certain instances. The velars /к, г, х/ change to /ч, ж, ш/ before front vowel or /j/ in Bulgarian language. This is the results of palatalization.

             Last above 4 examples are related to the changes of /d+j, t+j/. The etymological phonemic sequences /d+j, t+j/ are represented by OCS žd, št in most of the OCS manuscripts.

             Concerning to the softness of the consonants, we can find many kinds of counter examples to the jotation or palatalization. They are as follows;

ебап, кебап (kebab)

келнер, келнер (waiter)

есе, кесия (purse)

костен, кестен (chestnut)

             In the above examples, in spite of the same phonemic condition "velar+front vowel", we cannot find the softness results. It means that the phonemic status is maintained. Also in the following examples, we can see the same things in front of the front vowel /i/. They are the same word forms in Macedonian and Bulgarian.

кибрит (matches)

килим (carpet)

кино (cinema)

             Of course, in front of back or mid vowel, the word forms are same between two languages and have no softness changes. The examples are as follows;

казино(casino), кабел(cable), камбана(bell), канал(channel), капитал(capital), каталог(catalog), катастрофа(crash), капак(cover), камила(camel), куче(dog), коса(hair)

Other different words

             In this example, Macedonian forms are different from Bulgarian forms with omitting vowel /e/ or consonant /l/.

бугарин, бугари             Bulgarian          българин

песна                               song                  песен

             They are the examples, related to the omitting consonants or vowels. Sometimes it causes the different gender marker. But, we can also find the counter examples in this area. In the same phonemic situation, we can not find the same omitting process in the following examples.

булевар,  булевард  boulevard

невеста,   булка   bride

колан,   колан   belt

колбас,   колбас   sausage

(3) AB type

             The following examples are outstanding examples, concerning to the AB type.

воз                                trains                 влак

среќа              fate                   късмет

шеќер             sugar                 захар

постела                        bed                    легло

друм                             highway            шосе

тупаница                     fist                    юмрук

нарачка                       request               заявка

дада                              elder sister        кака

меч                               dagger                кама

шлем                             helmet                каска

пакет                           parcel                 колет

мрзлив                          lazy                    ленив

подрум                         basement            мазе

царинарница customs              митница

            

             The different examples are mainly from the different adoption of Slavic family word(воз, среа, постела, мрзлив et al). Also we can find the influences from the Turkish language influence(мазе, кака, тупаница et al). In the borrowing words, we can see the Greek and the Latin influences in the above and in the followings. In the following examples, first example is the Macedonian word.

многуброен / многоброен (numerous)

многугодишен, долгогодишен / многогодишен (multi year)

многуjазичен, мултилингвален / многоезичен (multilingual)

мултинационален / многонационален (multi national)

многостранен, мултилатерален / многостранен (multi country)

(4) ABC type

            

             ABC type means that Macedonian example has 2 more different counter examples with Bulgarian or vice versa. Here we see the more strong influence from the Turkish. they are дукан, момче, манджа and кула.

дукан, продавница, магацин, магазин shop

момчемомче, юношаboy

варино, готвеноjадењеманджаmeal

светилник, куламаякbeacon

мислење, гледиштеopinion мнение

име, наименувањеnameназвание

             2. Macedonian and Serbian

             In common with Serbo-croatian, Macedonian has the following features.

1) The clear pronunciation of all vowels, whether stressed or unstressed, as also in West Slavic.

2) The loss of x, as is frequent in East Serbo-croatian dialects: леб / хлеб bread.

3) The development of ч into ц before vocalic p (ŗ): црн black, црв worm.

4) The preservation of vocalic p, as in Serbo-croatian, Czech, and Slovak.

5) In common with Serbo-croatian, Slovenian, Polish and Lusatian, Macedonian has the ending –њ for Imperfective Verbal Nouns: пишување writing, седење sitting.

             As you can see, mentioned above is primarily for phonetic, phonological phenomenon, not for the lexical phenomenon.

Geographically, the Macedonian territory is especially by the way of the Vardar-Morava valley wide open towards north.[9] This fact can explain many linguistic phenomena within the framework of Serbian-Macedonian relationship. It can explain some very old Macedonian linguistic features preserved in a series of South Serbian toponyms, as well as many Balkanisms which spread mostly from the Macedonian territory to the central parts of Serbia till today, and which have great influence even on contemporary Serbian literary language (Радић 2003а: 130-145). On the other hand, it can also explain not only the Serbian nature of the northern (Slavic) dialect of the Republic of Macedonia, on which border the Macedonian capital Skopje is situated, - but also the series of linguistic features which spread from Serbian and north Macedonian territory through all over the Vardar Macedonia, as early as the middle ages.[10] It was probably owing to these influences that in a major part of central Macedonia ekavian reflex of old vowel ‘jat’ (see: I), and affricates k’ (Maced. ќ) and g’ (Maced. ѓ) as continuants of Common Slavic consonant groups *tj, *dj have been spread or strengthened. A reduced extent of palatal-velar consonant opposition in central Macedonian dialect links this zone with the Serbian dialects too. From this point of view it may be clear why Macedonian Đorđi Puljevski wrote in the 19^th century that the Bulgarian language is close to Russian, and on the other hand Macedonian is close to Serbian (see: Радић 1993: 113).

This geographic link between Macedonia and Serbia has been a natural background for different relationships between Macedonian and Serbian peoples, and it has influenced many important historical events in Macedonia ever since the middle ages. Not only during the medieval kingdom of Nemanjićs, but also for centuries afterwards (until the 18^th century) predominant in the Vardar Macedonia was Serbian literary language of medieval type (the Serbian redaction of the Church Slavonic language). And after that period there were close cultural connections between the Vardar Macedonia and Serbia. Orthographic reform of the Serb Vuk Karadžić, which offered a simplified graphic system, was very popular in the Vardar Macedonia from the very beginning, which is confirmed by the shape of contemporary graphic system of the Macedonian language. Serbian urban poetry was also well known in Macedonia during the 19^th century (Поленаковиќ 1969). Of course, these influences from the Serbian territory have even been intensified in the 20^th century when the Vardar Macedonia and Serbia took place in the same state, and when Serbian (once again?) became a language of prestige.

             3. Independent Macedonian Language

It was as early as the middle of the 19^th century that the Macedonian intellectuals started pointing at the specific Macedonian linguistic features. Partenie Zografski, for example, a man of wide philological education, in his article titled “Thinking about the Macedonian language” numbered a dozen typical Macedonian linguistic features (see: Документи, 1981). His aim was to point at the features from central and western Macedonian dialects which just distinguish Macedonian from Bulgarian. Among these features Zografski included:

- full pronunciation of vowels e and o (without reductions which are typical of Bulgarian);

- vowel e as a continuant of Common Slavic jat (instead of Bulgarian -e/-ja);

- vowel a (“clear a”) as a continuant of Common Slavic nasal o (рака, мака, каде, - instead of Bulgarian ъ);

- omission of the consonant h (оро, убаво, одеа), or its substitution with v/f (уво, праф, читаф, -  instead of Bulgarian h), etc.

Even between the two world wars, when Vardar Macedonia (nowadays the Republic of Macedonia) used to belong to the Kingdom of Serbia and subsequently to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Serbian dialectologist Aleksandar Belić, who generally regarded the Macedonian zone as a part of Serbian dialects, accepted that the Macedonian western dialect, nevertheless, “has its own special features”, and that it is “far distanced” from both the Bulgarian and Serbian dialectal centers (Белић 1935: 31, 74).[11]

First, from the beginning the Macedonian zone was far distanced from the central parts of Bulgarian language and from the direct Bulgarian political influences for a long period. This has enabled the Macedonian language to develop and preserve a series of significant linguistic features (see: I). At the same time, the Macedonian language was developing in specific historical circumstances, in a region of manifestly strong contact among the various Balkan languages. The well known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, the founder of linguistic as a modern science, wrote that in Macedonia many languages had been spoken, “Turkish, Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Albanian, Aromanian, etc., mixed in different ways from district to district” (Sosir 1996 [1915]: 192). Aromanian and Albanian influences have been especially strong in some parts of Macedonian territory into this day. Although the Macedonian, Bulgarian and some parts of Serbian dialects share many Balkan linguistic features, the so-called Balkanisms,[12] owing to its position Macedonian language has developed some Balkanisms of its own, which are not known to the Bulgarian and Serbian dialects. These Balkan characteristic were spread mostly in western Macedonia, in different linguistic levels:

- in the temporal system (e.g. analytic perfect tense with the auxiliary verb “have”: имам читано, имав читано);

- in word order and structure of the sentence (e.g. with enclitics at the beginning of the sentence: те сакам, го гледам, сум болен);

- in word formation (e.g. diminutive suffix -ule: детуле, пилуле, човечуле), etc.

These features have secured the Macedonian language a special position among Balkan Slavic languages and due to that in modern linguistics literary Macedonian is usually viewed as the most Balkanized South Slavic language (Илиевски 1988). Of course, these Balkan language features have found their place in the contemporary Macedonian literary language too, and just because of that it has made another important difference to Bulgarian literary language.[13]

Theoretically, due to many linguistic similarities, the Macedonian people could build their literary language together with the Bulgarian people (or they could just accept Bulgarian standard). Macedonians could also build their literary language together with the Serbian people (or simply accept the Serbian standard), due to many rich cultural and linguistic interactions which have lasted for centuries, into this day.[14] But historical circumstances in the Vardar Macedonia have paved the third way to Macedonian people, and enabled them to establish their own state and to build their own literary language on the basis of one of the Macedonian dialects. The question what will happen in the future, does not belong to science, but belong to culture.

             II-2. Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by intercultural communication points of view

         Cultural difference is the one of cultural factors, which anybody feels easily. It has been relative characteristic, also it has been experienced in same cultural circumstance sometimes. If we had same cultural factors all over the world, there are no misunderstanding and cultural shock. But every country in the world maintains own languages, institutions, and traditions. This differences from other countries cause misunderstandings and complications at the international stage. Therefore the importance of intercultural communication has been dramatically developing, especially in the globalized world like today.

             As a part of cognitive linguistics, the field of intercultural communication has been researched by linguists in Europe and USA from 1960^th years.[15] In Korea there are only few articles in this field(specially in the field of Slavic intercultural communication). The most important part of former research is what is cultural value in each cultural area, how to develop and embody this value in accordance with the nation or people. But no attempt has been made to study on cultural value and typology through the analysis with Slavic language resources in Korea.

             Macedonia, which served as a center of the ancient Greek civilization in history of Western civilization, is no longer functioning as a center in modern society. Rather, it has turned into a place for conflicts of civilization among Albanians from the Illyrian civilization, the Balkan ethnic group based on the ancient Thracian civilization, and Slavic people who came down to the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century. These forces of civilization represented by Islam and Orthodoxy, Albanian and Slavic Macedonians coexist in Skopje, Macedonia, creating universality in their multicultural space. The creation of universalism is made possible through thinking and healing through the humanities. This research will look into various aspects of conflicts of civilization in Macedonia and look into the reasoning and healing through the humanities in Macedonia. This research will include the adaptation of double languages, joint research and education on history, embracing other cultures and a diversity of image data symbolizing the healing through the humanities. The second region, for which the research on healing through the humanities is required, is Kosovo. Kosovo is the region that currently shows the most divisive conflict of civilizations in the world. The conflict in Kosovo will be in stark contrast with that in Skopje. This research is also an intuitive study examining the possibility of healing through the humanities in Korean society, which is turning into a civilization of conflict and a multicultural society.

          What kind of country is Macedonia to Korean people?

            Macedonia is a country that is located at the center of the Balkan Peninsula, with Bulgaria located to its east, Serbia to its north, and Greece to its south. And it shares its borders with Albania. Due to its geopolitical position, the competition between countries has been fierce in this region since ancient times. Given the fact that Greece (Byzantine), Bulgaria, and more recently, the former Yugoslavia have been competing intensively to secure this region, Macedonia can be understood as the most important strategic place in this region.

             When Korean companies or public corporations enter into the overseas markets and when the private sector begins to communicate more and more with foreign entities, Macedonia is the region that can be utilized as a bridgehead in the Balkans. Macedonia is culturally similar to South Korea. Due to its geographical position, Macedonia has not had many historical and cultural exchanges with South Korea until the 20th century. Thus, South Korean society’s interests in Macedonian ethnic groups and countries remain a mere curiosity of exotic cultures. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent collapse of the socialist system, there has been a reverse-orientalism perspective of viewing Macedonia and other countries of the Balkans in South Korean society based on its capital and technological competitive edge.

             Geographically, Macedonia is located far away from South Korea; but historically, it is very closely related with South Korea. The two countries share many things in common: both countries don’t have full-fledged capitalism, lack experiences of agricultural revolution and civil revolution, have a vulnerable citizen class and a strong intellectual class, have experiences of colonialism, and have walked their unique roads to modernity, which is different from the Western society’s road to modernity.

             "Macedonia to the Koreans, What kinds of images and memories provides?"

             The answer is the following cultural keywords.

1) Mother Theresa

2) Great king Alexander

3) Green Energy Cooperation

4) Holy Land

5) Balkan regions. Byzantine, Cultural conflicts et al.

             Teaching Macedonian to Korean students, we can use the above mentioned items as the cultural devices of language learning. 

III. Conclusion

            

In this paper, I tried to propose the good methods of teaching Macedonian to Korean students by following two ways. In the first chapter of main body was studied following theme "Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by  linguistic feature basis".  In this chapter, the characteristics of Macedonian language were surveyed. Also the efficient methods of teaching Macedonian to Korean students by dialectal and comparative Slavic languages was discussed. As the comparative Slavic languages were used Bulgarian and Serbian, locating next to Macedonia countries. Especially Bulgarian language was used main comparative Slavic. For this purpose, was investigated the similarity and the diversity between Macedonian and Bulgarian lexicon. As it is well known, Macedonian and Bulgarian have the same mother tongue, Proto Slavic, Common Slavic and Old Church Slavic Language. That’s why two languages have similar Slavic language features in their lexicons. On the other hand, in spite of this historical background, contemporary Macedonian and Bulgarian have many diverse linguistic features. This diversity comes from social linguistic factors and language contacts with other Balkan countries (Greek, Romanian, Serbian et al). These features should be shown also in their lexicons. In this paper was analyzed lexicon of these two languages with the help of Macedonian-Bulgarian dictionary (as a low data material). I divided the results as following sub-groups.

- AA type: Macedonian example is same with Bulgarian

- AA’ type: Macedonian example has same root with Bulgarian

- AB type: Macedonian example is different from Bulgarian

- ABC type: Macedonian example has 2 more different counter examples with Bulgarian or vice versa

             As a result of these studies, Macedonian lexicon is very similar to that of Bulgarian vocabularies in spite of the many influences from Serbian and even from Turkish(Ottoman Empire influences). It means that AA, AA' type examples are main part of their lexicon. Even more, we can find the Greek and Latin influences in the borrowings. In the field of adverbs, about 32-34% adverbs have different word forms between the two languages. But these differences are from dialectic adoptions of South Slavic languages.

In the second chapter of main body, was studied "Teaching Macedonian to Korean students by intercultural communication points of view" on the basis of first research year's results. In this chapter, I proposed the following 5 themes as a cultural devices of Macedonian teaching and learning. They are:

1) Mother Theresa

2) Great king Alexander

3) Green Energy Cooperation

4) Holy Land

5) Balkan regions. Byzantine, Cultural conflicts et al.

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Macedonian: www.lmp.ucla.edu/profiles/profm01.htm

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Илиевски 1988: Петар Хр. Илиевски, Балканолошки лингвистички студии, Институт за македонски јазик „Крсте Мисирков“, Посебни изданија, книга 14, Скопје, 1-594.

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Колев, Г. 1993: Българските Говори с Тричленни Показателни и Едночленни Определителни Системи като Преходни,  Rozprawy Slawistyczne, 6. 139-155.

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Поленаковиќ 1969: Харалампие Поленаковиќ, Српската граѓанска поезија во Македонија во XIX век, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Пристапни предавања, прилози и библиографија, Скопје, 121-140.

Радић 1993: Првослав Радић, О српско-македонским лексичким паралелама, Дијалектолошки аспект, Јужнословенски филолог, XLIX, Институт за српски језик, Београд, 113-136.

Радић 2003: Првослав Радић, Александар Белић и Крсте Мисирков (Скица за заједнички лингвистички портрет), Српски језик, 8/1-2, Београд, 377-392.

Радић 2003а: Првослав Радић, О два аспекта балканизације српског књижевног језика, Јужнословенски филолог, LIX, Институт за српски језик, Београд, 105-152.

Рајс 1918: Р. А. Рајс, Аустро-бугаро-немачке повреде ратних закона и правила, Краљевина Србија, Крф, IV-98.

Рајс 1998 [1928]²: Р. А. Рајс, Чујте Срби! (editors: Милић Ф. Петровић и Слађана Бојковић), Историјски музеј Србије - Дечје новине, Београд, 1-110 (+ additions).

Спировски 2002: Зоран Спировски, Србизмите во скопскиот разговорен јазик, Јазикот во практиката, 17, Скопје, 64-68.

Усикова Рина 2008: Современный Литературный Македонский Язык как предмет Славяноведения и Балканистики, Скопjе.

Христова-Симоновска, Ан 2005: Речник Българско-македонски, Македонско-български с къса граматика, Скопjе: Венециjа.

1. Full name: Kim, Wonhoi

2. Profession: Professor

3. Institution: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

4. Telephone: +82-11-245-2535

5. Address: #449-791, Yongin-si, Choin-gu, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Bulgarian Language Department Seoul , Korea

6. E-mail: luna23@hanmail.net

Key words: Macedonian, Bulgarian, Slavic Language, Lexicon, Language Contact, Korean students

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                  [1] This research is supported by 2010-2012 research grants from The Academy of Korean Studies,  Korea(AKS-2010-ANC-3102).

[2] As a part of the western dialect there is a narrow peripheral zone located along the Albanian and southwestern Serbian borders.

[3] There are also citizens and emigrants from Bulgaria who “identify their native (Slavonic) language as Macedonian” (Macedonian Language: www.macedonia.co.uk./mcic...).

[4] On the other hand, in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, between world wars, Macedonian literature was tolerated as “local dialectal folkloric form” (Macedonian: www.lmp.ucla.edu...). This position enabled some continuum to Macedonian literature and culture.

[5] It’s very simplified, and even wrong approach who emphasizes: „As a language, Mace­do­nian is very similar to Bulgarian, but historically, since Serbia has been a stronger and more aggre­s­si­ve state than Bulgaria [P.R.], Macedonia, and consequently its language, developed sepa­ra­te­ly from Bul­ga­ria, particularly since Macedonia^,s annexation by Serbia in 1912” (Carmichael 2000: 229). Macedonian “similarity” to Bulgarian (or Serbian) certainly doesn’t mean that Macedonian have to accept Bulgarian (or Serbian) literary language. Situation after disintegration of “Serbo-Croatian” language shows this very well. In addition, it would be certainly controversial attitude to name as “aggressive” the state which was among victors in two world wars, differ to Bulgaria, for example. (About last events in Yugoslavia history didn’t say its last word yet.)

[6] American professor of Macedonian origin, Trajan Stojanović, wrote that Macedonian literary language was just result of political projections by Yugoslav Marxists (Stojanović 1997: 339).     

[7] For example, the northern dialect of Macedonia (Tetovo – Kumanovo – Kratovo), with dominating Serbian features, belongs to the western group of South Slavic languages (Serbian Svrljig-Lužnica dialect). Hence, the yers in strong positions have yielded one reflex (e.g. сън, дън), the nasal vowel o has become an u (рука, пут), palatals l’ and n’ have been preserved (поље, њива), feminine nouns ending in plural in -e (жене, њиве), pronouns and adjectives end in -ga (њега, свакога), in present tense there are ending -mo in the 1^st person plural (знамо, идемо), in word formation there are suffixes -ić and -oća (петлић, чистоћа) etc. (Vidoeski 1998: 95-104). These features are not typical of Macedonian and Bulgarian linguistic zones.

[8] Therefore, there was a notice in one of the grammar books that in Yugoslavia Serbo-Croat “differs considerably from the language of Slovenia, in the north-west, and to a lesser extent from that in Macedonia, in the south-east” (Javarek-Sudjić 1978: XI). Some linguistic planes show this very well (see: Радић 1993).

[9] There are some indications which show that contacts between Macedonian and Serbian also used to exist in the zone of nowadays north Albania. Some linguistic data suggest that Slavic dialects from Western Macedonia were in a direct contact with Serbian dialects from southeastern Montenegro until the beginning of the period of Ottoman rule (Радић 1993).

[10] Some new texts have it that after Macedonian linguistic codification Serbian “and local dialect forms continue to exert an influence on the language, especially those in the Western dialect area, which is the basis for the standard” (Macedonian: www.lmp.ucla.edu...). Perhaps, we could talk, before all, about influences which directly enter from the Serbian dialect of the Skopje region (“local dialect forms”!?), as capital, into Macedonian literary language (and indirectly into the “Western dialects area”), and after that, in the second place, about influences of “Serbo-Croatian”, as principal language of former Yugoslavia. Naturally, after the disintegration of S.F.R. Yugoslavia the former type of influences have continued to exist with the same intensity. It is well shown in some recent Macedonian texts where even an aversion to this dialect is expressed (Спировски 2002: 64). On the other hand, a cultural influence from Serbia could not be stopped after Macedonian separation either (see footnote 13).   

[11] At the end of World War II, as eminent Serbian linguist, Aleksandar Belić, took part in the processes of codification of Macedonian literary language (Радић 2003).

[12] Unlike other Slavonic languages, the case system is almost entirely lost, adjectives are compared by using separate prefixes for the comparative and superlative, the infinitive form does not exist anymore, etc.

[13] In Macedonian literary language stress is placed on the first syllable of bisyllabic words and on the antepenult in words of three or more syllables, definite nouns are indicated by a set of three definite suffixal articles (type: -ov, -ot, -on), etc.

[14] Serbian cultural and linguistic presence in Vardar Macedonia, as what could be expected, didn’t stop after the Macedonian separatism. Therefore, it caused claims among some linguists for some kind of Macedonian cultural isolations from the northern neighbour (Минова-Ѓуркова 2004).

                  [15] The term “international communication” appears to have been first used by Edward T. Hall in his now classic book, “The Silent Language”(1959, 1973). The appearance of this book stimulated the study of intercultural communication. Mainly selected fields for examination of intercultural communication are language, perceived similarity, self-discourse, nonverbal behavior, intercultural effectiveness and inter-cultural contact.